MHE513 - Risk Assessment and Epidemiology Module 5 - Case Essay

MHE513 - Risk Assessment and Epidemiology Module 5 - Case - Essay Example The metals such as zinc, manganese, iron, fluoride are considered as toxic non-carcinogens. Whereas chromium, ethylene bromide are considered as toxic carcinogens. The major difference between these two is that the toxic carcinogens will affect and alter the cells from its genetic level. Whereas the toxic non carcinogens will affect only the structure of the cells. The carcinogenic chemicals have the capability to induce the mutagenic activity in the cells. These chemical reach the human body through inhalation and by dermal contact. The chemicals that gives rise to toxic endpoints other than cancer and gene mutations are called as ‘systematic toxicants’ because these toxins will affect only the organs of the system at a lethal dose or due to continuous exposure to these chemicals. (Asante-Duah, 2002). For many toxic non carcinogens there are many protective mechanisms and treatment methods to overcome the toxicity, before it becomes severe. Whereas, the exposure to the carcinogens will create toxicity which is usually not recoverable. Even the small exposure to carcinogens has severe effects. The toxicity parameters of non-carcinogenic chemicals are based on the â€Å"acceptable daily intake† (ADI). ADI is the amount of chemical (in mg/ kg body weight/day) to which a receptor can be exposed to on a daily basis over an extended period of time. (Asante-Duah, 2002). The toxicity parameters of the carcinogenic chemicals are based on the sensitivity of the sub population. The carcinogenic effect can be seen at the first exposure or even after many years of continuous exposure. Moreover the uncertainty factors are heavy for carcinogens than for non-carcinogens. Hence the communication of the risk to the people differs for the two types. Though for both the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic chemicals the handling, the exposure levels, the

Obesity Epidemic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Obesity Epidemic - Essay Example now been declared a worldwide epidemic by the World Health Organization, after research indicated that it parallels to around 265 million adults and children around 15 million, simply meaning that there must be something we ought to do in order to regulate this situation and work towards an obese free world (Debasis & Preuss 30). According to Debasis and Preuss (38), for the last thirty years, there has been a drastic increase especially in childhood obesity. People should be asking themselves why there must be such a situation today. Take into consideration the situation of Barry Austin; he believed in eating so much that at one point he was heard saying that food was his god! Just at a mere age of 29, he was having a weight close to 320kg! From his close study, it was revealed that Barry’s breakfast consisted of four packets of crisps and almost three quarters a box of biscuits of which he consumed all. During lunch, which was from the chip shop, he would add several plates of beans on toast, additional Crips, and fruit cakes. If he was taking tea, he would have 12 roast potatoes, pie, custard, vegetables and gravy and 5 lamb chops. All these would then be cleared down the threat by 11 liters of soda every day. With respect to Hatfield and Stanton, they explain that studies have shown that Americans are consuming their foods well but not wisely. They further explain that the food habits have been growing for Americans every now and then. This is due to their ignorance in consuming a balanced diet. Some biological factors such as genes and the history of the family tend to increase the chances of developing obesity. Emotional factors could also be a contributing factor to this world catastrophe. One unique thing with obesity is that it doesn’t discriminate age nor gender. It affects the young and the old, the women and the men, blacks and whites, meaning that every kind of person is affected (Stern & Kazaks, 108). Obesity has symptoms that most people

Managing Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Managing Change - Essay Example Lewin’s change model: The model has three stages, these are: Unfreeze, Change and Refreeze. The unfreeze stage involves convincing the organization that the change is necessary. This is done by artificially creating a minor crisis that leads to the required motivation for the change. Change stage owing to the uneasiness faced by the people in the unfreeze stage, the employees start believing and acting in the direction of the change. Some employees take to change quickly where as some people who are genuinely affected by the change take time to adopt the change. In the final stage termed ‘refreeze’, as the change is being accepted, the employees are supported in order to help them to adapt to the change in a better manner. Discuss the external and internal forces that create the need for organizational change There are two types of forces those generate the need for a change in an organization. These are: i) external forces: Industry Standards, Government Regulati ons, Technology trends, Socio-Economical aspects. ii) Internal forces: Strategic decisions, Changes in technology and Employee attitudes etc. External forces are beyond the control of an organization, e.g. personal computers replaced the electronic typewriters, the employees had to be trained on the use of personal computers. Similarly, in the case of internal forces, if the company needs to change its business from services to production then the organization will need employees with different skill sets, hence the change. Kotter's Eight Steps for Leading Organizational Change: Professor John Kotter of Harvard Business School has mentioned Kotter’s eight steps for leading organizational change in his book â€Å"Leading Change†. These eight steps are: 1. Establish the sense of urgency – this sense can be created by very honest and clear discussions depicting the real state of affairs like poor sales figures. If people start talking about it this will lead to mot ivation, hence the sense of urgency for the change will appear. 2. Form a strong coalition: Coalition will not get formed unless the organization identifies few forward looking leaders. After these leaders have been identified, they must be committed. Their weak areas are worked upon to make them better leaders. 3. Create a vision: The vision of the organization needs to be created, this is summarized and familiarized by the leaders. A strategy is then worked out for implementing the vision. 4. Communicate the vision: The vision is discussed and talked about amongst the employees, the idea is to address the queries and anxieties of the workers. All types of changes are linked with the vision. 5. Remove Obstacles: After the system is in place for working out the change, the people who oppose this change need to be identified. The barriers and obstacles are also identified and then the needful is done to remove these issues. 6. Plan and create short term wins: Initially change is impl emented in the projects those are certain. This is done to pose confidence in employees about the change. 7. Consolidate improvements and produce more

Criminal Justice Agency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Criminal Justice Agency - Essay Example It shall also discuss the role of the lawyer in assisting victims of crime or individuals who have been charged or convicted with crime. Keywords: Federal Public Defender, lawyer, attorney, criminal justice agency, lawyering Federal Public Defender Organization I. Introduction â€Å"The Federal Public Defender is appointed by the Ninth Circuit of the United States Court of Appeals to serve a term of four years. All employees of the Federal Public Defender are employed by the judicial branch of the U.S. Government. The Office of the Federal Public Defender for the Central District of California is the largest federal public defender agency in the United States. The Central District of California covers seven counties which include Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, Santa Barbara, San Luis Obispo and Ventura, with a population of over 19 million people. They have offices located in Los Angeles, Santa Ana and Riverside. The main office is located in the Little Tokyo sectio n of downtown Los Angeles with branch offices in Riverside and Santa Ana California. The office has over 240 employees, including 92 attorneys, 26 paralegals, 38 investigators and more than 85 supporting staff members. The Office supports two units namely, the Trial Unit and the Capital Habeas Unit. The attorneys in our Trial Unit are appointed by the court to represent those persons charged with federal offenses who cannot afford to retain their own attorney† (Federal Public). Significance of the Agency I chose the office of the Federal Public Defender because I believe in their cause. They help out poor and indigent individuals who cannot afford the services of a lawyer. They represent people who are wrongly charged for offenses that they did not commit, or victims of crime. I have a high regard for lawyers who fight for the causes of the clients even if they do not earn much profit from practicing the profession. I want to contribute in improving the criminal justice system of our country by helping these individuals who are deprived of good legal services. There should be no distinction or discrimination between paying clients and non-paying clients. This is in consonance to the equal protection clause by upholding every person’s right to a counsel. I have a high regard for the objective of this organization in â€Å"ensuring equal justice for all†. Qualifications â€Å"A Federal Public Defender Organization shall consist of one or more full-time salaried attorneys. The Organization shall be supervised by a Federal Public Defender appointed by the Court of Appeals of the Circuit, after receiving recommendations from the district court or courts to be served. The Federal Public Defender shall be appointed for a term of four (4) years, unless removed by the court of appeals for incompetency, misconduct in his office until his successor is appointed, or until one year after expiration of such defender’s term, whichever is earlierâ €  (United States Code, 2006). â€Å"The compensation of the Federal Public Defender shall be fixed by the court of appeals of the circuit at a rate not to exceed the compensation received by the United States attorney for the district where representation is furnished, or if two